Barring a successful invasion of Ladakh, Sikandar did not annex any new territory. He was (I.191) the first of his race. Made king by Mamma and Yashovarman. It is a Sanskrit file of the diverse look of Islam. Deposed his half-brother to become the king, but died after a week. His Dvity Rjataragin can be a continuation of Kalhanas Rjataragin and brings the annal of the rulers of Kashmir proper right down to the hour of the creators supporter Zain-ul-Abidin. When did the capital of India shift from Kolkata to New Delhi? Does adding salt to water increase conductivity? He is most remembered for his Advaita Vedantist text, the Dasbodh. [7] Romila Thapar equates Jalauka to Kunala, stating that "Jalauka" is an erroneous spelling caused by a typographical error in Brahmi script. Haksar captured the mystique of Indias coordinates in this couplet: All rights reserved. Learn how and when to remove this template message, "Early Medieval Kashmir Coinage A New Hoard and An Anomaly", Rajatarangini: The Saga of The Kings of Kasmir, Rajatarangini and the Making of India's Past, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rajatarangini&oldid=1121892347, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, Killed in a battle with by Krishna's friends. . Rajatarangini can be a metric splendid and verifiable account of the north-western Indian subcontinent, mainly the lords of Kashmir. But his traditional conceptual framework, using uncritical assumptions and a belief in the role of the poet as an exponent of moral maxims, makes the idealizing content in his narrative, particularly for the early period, rather dominant. Kalhana's account closes in the 22nd year of his reign. By looking at the inscriptions recording the consecrations of temples and grants by former kings, at laudatory inscriptions and at written works, the trouble arising from many errors has been overcome. The Karkota line came to a close with the usurpation of the throne by Avantivarman, who started the Utpala dynasty in 855. Deposed by Tantrin soldiers, who had earlier served as the royal bodyguards. all exact any . Answer: It is court chronicle that deals with the history of rulers of Kashmir. In 1380 C.E. Who translated Rajatarangini in Kashmiri? - ProfoundTips [32] He died in 1550 after being killed in battle with the Kashmiris. Subscriber Only Stories View All Buy 2-year plan with SD20 code for special price The king imprisoned Toramana, when the latter stuck royal coins in his own name. The translation of the Mahabharata and Kalhana's Rajatarangini into Persian was its most outstanding achievement. After a young son of Yashaskara, Pravaragupta, a Divira (clerk), became king. In his old age, the childless king ordered killing of Sandhimati to prevent any chance of him becoming a king. To avoid this outcome, the king married his daughter Anangalekha to Durlabhavardhana, a handsome but non-royal man from Ashvaghama. Request Permissions. 1 Who translated Rajatarangini in Kashmiri? He displayed surprisingly advanced technical expertise for the time in his concern for unconventional sources. The. section. A view of Ziyarat Naqshband Sahab from its yard. Became queen after the death of all male heirs. The Rajatarangini (in a real sense, River of Kings) is an awe-inspiring sonnet (mahakavya/prabandha) created in the old style language, Sanskrit, in 114850 in Kashmir (part of the advanced territory of Jammu and Kashmir, India).Kalhana is said to have been the child of a previous clergyman by the name of Cempaka in the court of a Kashmiri ruler, Harsha. Taking action accordingly, regardless of initiating Kalhana an extraordinary student of history, Ramesh Chandra Majumdar2 discussed his exceptionally faulty strategy comprising in consideration of legendary or amazing lords, an ignorant religiosity in the Epics and Puranas (antiquated Indian kinds portraying the previous), confidence in black magic and sorcery, clarification of occasions as because of the impact of destiny instead of to any normal reason, an overall instructional propensity roused by Hindu perspectives on karma, and simple showcase of poetical and logical expertise. Romila Thapar additionally excused Kalhanas moralism and teaching. thirty journals, primarily in the humanities and social sciences, though it Who translated Rajatarangini in Persian language? - GKToday After the Utpala dynasty, a Yashaskara became king (V.469). elsewhere. . Running into almost 8000 stanzas that are inconsistently disseminated among eight books or areas, the. They cannot be abusive or personal. We use cookies on our website to give you the most relevant experience by remembering your preferences and repeat visits. Waged a war against the Tantrins with help of their rivals (known as Ekanga), but was defeated and killed. Translation of " " into Persian . [Studia Indologica Universitatis Halensis 7], SlajeWalter", "The COININDIA Coin Galleries: Sultans of Kashmir", Baharistan-i-Shahi: A Chronicle of Mediaeval Kashmir, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shah_Mir_dynasty&oldid=1141211558, Tomb of the Mother of Zain-ul-Abidin in Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, This page was last edited on 23 February 2023, at 23:00. In subsequent years, through his tact and ability Shah Mir rose to prominence and became one of the most important personalities of his time. For instance, Marcus Aurel Stein (1900) thought the way of talking and instructional pieces of the Rajatarangini that were in kvya style was essentially detached with the story legitimate, which was recorded, while Buhler arraigned the retreat to legend and fantasy as delivering the sequence of a huge piece of the message worthless and its creator suspect. Sultan Zain-ul-Abidin of Kashmir had the famous historical work Rajatarangini and the Mahabharata translated into Persian. He wanted his court poets to interpret the Sanskrit books Rajatarangini, Ramayana, and Mahabharata into the Persian language. Get answers to the most common queries related to the Railway Examination Preparation. [6], (Note the confusion of dates in this and the following sections. The first translation of a portion of the Rajatarangini was carried out in Persian, at the behest of Sultan Zain-ul-Abidin (1421-1472) A.D of Kashmir. [4] It has also been suggested that he belonged to a family which accompanied the sage Mir Sayyid Ali Hamadani, and who were associated to either the Kubrawiya Sufi groups in Kashmir. Cite earlier authors: The oldest extensive works containing the royal chronicles [of Kashmir] have become fragmentary in consequence of [the appearance of] Suvrata's composition, who condensed them in order that (their substance) might be easily remembered. Jonaraja became a Kashmiri antiquarian and Sanskrit writer. It describes almost two centuries of the old and early middle age history of the Valley. [4] It is known, however, that Mihirakula was the son of Toramana. Since the battle was motive-less for the Delhi Sultanate peace concluded between them on a condition that all the territories from Sirhind to Kashmir belong to the Shah Mir empire. Arthashastra , one of the first in the history of Malayalam literature. An astrologer prophesied that his son-in-law would succeed him as the king. Users can access their older comments by logging into their accounts on Vuukle. Like the Shahnameh is to Persia, the Rajatarangini is to Kashmir. It covers the whole range of history in Kashmir from the earliest times to the date of its synthesis. The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Performance". Is domestic violence against men Recognised in India? In 1574, Akbar established a translation bureau (maktab khana) at his capital of Fatehpur Sikri. He called back the Hindus who left Kashmir during his father's reign. Rajatarangini, (Sanskrit: River of Kings) historical chronicle of early India, written in Sanskrit verse by the Kashmiri Brahman Kalhana in 1148, that is justifiably considered to be the best and most authentic work of its kind. Verse 12. Persian Literature: How Kashmir Came To Be Known As 'Little Iran' epic poem The Shah Mir Sultanate and other South Asian polities, circa 1400 CE. Advertisement cookies are used to provide visitors with relevant ads and marketing campaigns. Answer. This article was most recently revised and updated by, https://www.britannica.com/topic/Rajatarangini. The broad valley of Kashmir, also spelled Cashmere[2] is almost completely surrounded by the Great Himalayas and the Pir Panjal range. It is a very good painting of the beyond with splendid recorded understanding. Cite earlier authors: The oldest extensive works containing the royal chronicles [of Kashmir] have become fragmentary in consequence of [the appearance of] Suvrata's composition, who condensed them in order that (their substance) might be easily remembered. He stopped the killing of cows by means . Cultural Life during the Sultanate Period - History Discussion magnitude of the journals program within the Press is unique among American [13], Shah Mir arrived in Kashmir in 1313 along with his family, during the reign of Suhadeva (13011320), whose service he entered. Abu l-Fadl Allami, Nizam al-Din and Firishta also state Raman Menon, Priyadarshini Publication Society, 1,200. Another television serial based on this work has been completed by National Award winning director, Jyoti Sarup. His son Jayendra was followed by Samdhimati-Aryaraja (34 BCE-17 CE) who had the soul of Jayendra's minister Sandhimati. Notes: Rajatarangini is a metrical legendary and historical chronicle of the north-western Indian subcontinent, particularly the kings of Kashmir. Kalhana says that Samdhimat Aryaraja used to spend the most delightful Kashmir summer in worshiping a lingam formed of snow/ice in the regions above the forests (II.138). [6] Although "Jina" is a term generally associated with Jainism, some ancient sources use it to refer to the Buddha. Ramcharitmanas , accomplished it in 1969. Son of Sukhavarman. Rajatarangini/Original languages It covers the whole range of history in the Kashmir district from the earliest times to the date of its synthesis. The couple sheltered their citizens in the royal palace during a severe famine resulting from heavy frost. Postmodernism refers to mid to late 20th century. [5] Some of the kings and dynasties can be identified with inscriptions and the histories of the empires that periodically included the Kashmir valley, but for long periods the Rajatarangini is the only source. Owing to a certain want of care, there is not a single part in Ksemendra's "List of Kings" (Nrpavali) free from mistakes, though it is the work of a poet. [12] Kashmiri scholar N. K. Zutshi, having critically examined the sources, reconciles the two versions by noting that the Persian chronicles mentions Swadgir rather than Swat, which he interprets as Swadgabar, meaning "suburbs of Gabar", which coincides with Jonaraja's description of Panchagahvara-Simani (on the borders of Panchagagvara). Book III starts with an account of the reign of Meghavahana of the restored line of Gonanda and refers to the brief reign of Matrigupta, a supposed contemporary of Vikramaditya Harsha of Malwa. TranslationsRajatarangini was translated into Persian by Zain-ul-Abidin order.There are four English translations of Rjatarangi by: Ranjit Sitaram Pandit Horace Hayman Wilson, secretary of The Asiatic Society of Bengal in the early 19th century, and the first English. Rajatarangini in Scholarship The most widely known Rajatarangini (River of Kings) - and the one on which the English translations discussed here are based - is a Sanskrit narrative by Kalhana Pandit dating to 1148-49 AD.1 It is written in verse in the Sanskrit kavya style and divided into eight cantos (or tarangas ), which number close to 8,000 . The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Other. and interdisciplinary publications, both books and journals. It was written in Sanskrit by Kashmiri historian Kalhana in the 12th century CE. Kalhana appears to made little attempt to determine the actual sequence of rule of the kings and dynasties he recorded). Introduction: The Rajatarangini (in a real sense, River of Kings) is an awe-inspiring sonnet (mahakavya/prabandha) created in the old style language, Sanskrit, in 114850 in Kashmir (part of the advanced territory of Jammu and Kashmir, India).Kalhana is said to have been the child of a previous clergyman by the name of Cempaka in the court of a Kashmiri ruler, Harsha. Copyright 2019 Sawaal.com | All Rights Reserved. If you are already a registered user of The Hindu and logged in, you may continue to engage with our articles. The Rajatarangini (in a real sense, River of Kings) is an awe-inspiring sonnet (mahakavya/prabandha) created in the old-style language, Sanskrit. He was a devout Shaivite, and his reign was marked by peace. (I.191) He belonged to. You also have the option to opt-out of these cookies. In the Indian history, Madurai was the capita of Pandyas. Answer: A) Abdul Fazi. involving the history, arts, social sciences, philosophy, and contemporary Researchers who showed up at this portrayal of the Rajatarangini as the first work of history, the last referenced drawing out the basic release of the Rajatarangini and its full English interpretation, which is perused right up til the present time. Fairness: That noble-minded author is alone worthy of praise whose word, like that of a judge, keeps free from love or hatred in relating the facts of the past. As the result of the decline in linguistic oriented approaches, Translation Studies witnessed a move towards a more descriptive and cultural direction in the 1990s. It is a very good painting of the beyond with splendid recorded understanding. Died young. It covers the whole range of history in the Kashmir district from the earliest times to its synthesis. Smaller Kingdoms during Sultanate Era - Jagranjosh.com It is by late Vidwan T.K. He abdicated the throne, and a became a hermit to seek peace. Kalhana was a poet. He subdued several enemies. The Rajataringini provides the earliest source on Kashmir that can be labeled as a "historical" text on this region. Kalhana himself, notwithstanding, doesnt appear to have worked for any ruler. [3] The work consists of 7826 verses, which are divided between eight books called tarangas ("waves"). According to Kalhana, this king "did not speak the language of the gods but used vulgar speech fit for drunkards, showed that he was descended from a family of spirit-distillers" (Stein's translation). Here maybe Kutumbi = kunabi (as in kurmis of UP and. The work consists of 7826 verses, which are divided into eight books called Tarangas (waves). Verse 13. Rajatarangini belongs. Kavya as a genre has had a prominent place in traditional Malayalam poetics, so the austere aesthetics of Kalhanas work will strike a chord with readers, particularly those with a yen for that stimulating mixture of Sanskrit and Malayalam of yore, termed Manipravala. He was said to belong to the family of an ancestor called Partha, who was described as a second Partha (an allusion to the Mahabharata hero Arjuna). According to Kalhana, Ashoka reigned before 1182 BCE, and was a member of the dynasty founded by Godhara. Eleven works of former scholars containing the chronicles of the kings, I have inspected, as well as the [Purana containing the] opinions of the sage Nila. After his death, the queen committed. Rajatarangini (Sanskrit: Waterway of Kings) recorded a narrative of early India reasonably viewed as awesome and the best work. Among original compositions in Persian, historical literature easily occupied the first place. [18][19] A welfare-state was installed oppressive taxes were abolished, and free schools and hospitals were commissioned. What is the best compliment to give to a girl? The Mahabharata and Kalhana's Rajatarangini were translated into Persian by his order. Render date: 2023-03-04T12:29:12.553Z Functional cookies help to perform certain functionalities like sharing the content of the website on social media platforms, collect feedbacks, and other third-party features. He was the ruler of Kashmir and the founder of the Shah Mir dynasty. Running into almost 8000 stanzas that are inconsistently disseminated among eight books or areas, the Kalhana Rajatarangini is a record of the illustrious administrations that administered the realm of Kashmir from its putative starting points to the writers own time. For terms and use, please refer to our Terms and Conditions His short reign was marked by a succession struggle with his half-brother Vajraditya II. 2011 Duke University Press issues of East, South, and Southeast Asia, as well as a large book review But even this account is not fully reliable from a historical point of view. The cookie is set by the GDPR Cookie Consent plugin and is used to store whether or not user has consented to the use of cookies. November 1941, offering Asianists a wealth of information unavailable Rajatarangini is more aptly described as meta history. It was written in Sanskrit by Kashmiri historian Kalhana in the 12th century CE. It was translated into Persian by the orders of the later Muslim ruler Zain-ul-Abidin. He dug profound into such model functions as the Harshacharita and the Brihat-Samhita sagas and utilised with a praiseworthy commonality the neighbourhood rajakathas (regal accounts) and such past chips away at Kashmir as Nripavali by Kshemendra, Parthiva Wali by Helaraja, and Nilamatapurana. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. Brought up by, Within 6months of Bhikshachara's ascension, Sussala recovered his capital, leading to a civil war. Kalhana was excellently equipped for the work. Rajatarangini s first translation into a foreign language was as long ago as in the first decade of the 13th century, by Haidar Malik into Persian. Learn about the life of Vallabhacharya, a great saint and philosopher. Siddha, the son of Nara, was saved from Nga's fury, because he was away from the capital at the time. The Journal of Asian Studies Kalhaa's account also states that the city of Srinagar was founded by the Mauryan emperor, Ashoka, and that Buddhism reached the Kashmir valley during this period. Out of these, the cookies that are categorized as necessary are stored on your browser as they are essential for the working of basic functionalities of the website. 23 February 2011. Sultan Zain-Ul-Abidin of Kashmir had the famous historical work, Rajatarangini, and the Mahabharata translated into Persian. and is known in general as a publisher willing to take chances with nontraditional The book closes with the establishment of the Karkota Naga dynasty by Durlabhaka Pratapaditya II, and it is from Book IV on that Rajatarangini takes on the character of a dependable historical narrative. The Himalayan area of Kashmir is an intermontane valley shaped by the stream Jhelum (antiquated name Vitasta), a feeder of the waterway Indus. Postmodernism is the literary period, the beat generation aligned with. Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. The earliest reference to the Kambojas is around the 5th century BCE. Rajatarangini, which Mulla Abd al-Qadir Badauni translated into Persian at Akbars Unacademy is Indias largest online learning platform. On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title. Son of Vajraditya II and Mangjarika. Rajatarangini, which consists of 7,826 verses, is divided into eight books. Son of Vijaya: his "long arms reached to his knees". The young Chippatajayapida was advised by his maternal uncle Utpalaka or Utpala (IV.679). Discuss, Ram Mohan Roy was given the title of Raja by. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. They write new content and verify and edit content received from contributors. The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Analytics". [19][21] Scholars caution against accepting the allegations at face value and attributing them solely to religious bigotry. The long and arduous journey of the great saint across the country to Kashmir, punctuated by philosophical debates with peers and concurrent composition of immortal commentaries on the Hindu texts, is part of Indias sacred history. [7][8] Some scholars state that the Panjgabbar valley was peopled by Khasas and so ascribe a Khasa ethnicity to Shah Mir. This was drained by the great rishi or sage, Kashyapa, son of Marichi, son of Brahma, by cutting the gap in the hills at Baramulla, derived from Sanskrit (Boar's Molar), (Varaha) meaning Boar + (Mula) meaning deep or root. Little is known about the author Kalhana (c. 12th century CE), apart from what is written in the book. Contextual translation of "poyu ta" from Persian into Tagalog. It describes almost two centuries of the old and early middle age history of the Valley. [6], The Gonanda dynasty ruled Kashmir for 1002 years. Despite these stated principles, Kalhana's work is also full of legends and inconsistencies (see Historical reliability below). We also use third-party cookies that help us analyze and understand how you use this website. Note: Muhammad Shah had five separate reigns from 1484 to 1537.[34]. Gonandiya Baladitya made his officer in charge of fodder, Durlabhavardhana (III.489) his son-in-law because he was handsome. There are four English translations of Rjatarangi by: Ranjit Sitaram Pandit There are several discrepancies between the Ashoka mentioned in Kalhana's account and the Mauryan emperor Ashoka. Son of Parvagupta and husband of Didda (a member of the. Sample translated sentence: Heill on sen thden puhdas asema Jehovan edess. After a young son of Yashaskara, Pravaragupta, a Divira (clerk), became king. Jogesh Chandra Dutt in the late 19th century. [28] He was defeated by Sultan Zain-ul-Abidin at Thanna with the help of Jasrath Khokhar, a chieftain from Pothohar Plateau. Kalhaa's account of Kashmir begins with the legendary reign of Gonarda, who was contemporary to Yudhishthira of the Mahbhrata, but the recorded history of Kashmir, as retold by Kalhaa begins from the period of the Mauryas. [20][18][19] Economic condition was decent. Please abide by our community guidelines for posting your comments. As history of Kashmir, it has its undoubted deficiencies in terms of conventional chronology and the complex tapestry of myth and legend that it has largely woven together as content, but then It was translated into Persian by the orders of the later Muslim ruler Zain-ul-Abidin. Toramana is clearly the Huna king of that name, but his father Mihirakula is given a date 700 years earlier. How do people make money on survival on Mars? From the regulation of commodities to the reviving of old crafts, Abidin did everything for overall development of Kashmir and his subjects. field of Asian Studies. Comments have to be in English, and in full sentences. Book VII brings the narrative to the death of King Harsha (1101), and Book VIII deals with the stormy events between the death of Harsha and the stabilization of authority under Kalhanas contemporary Jayasimha (reigned 112849). This item is part of a JSTOR Collection.
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